Sequential Innovation

The World Wide Web is an interactive community filled with millions and millions of users. The World Web Wide sponsors an environment where people can collaborate with each other by sharing ideas, and new innovations. So that is where sequential innovation comes in. I was reading the article and I was filled with tons of questions. I questioned the use of strict intellectual property laws and the purpose of taking legal action against a competitive company. The traditional intellectual property hinders the production of new ideas and the sharing of information. Was it necessary for EMI to take legal action against OLGA? I don't think so. I agree with the authors of the article. EMI could have learned from OLGA's reinterpretation of the guitar tablature site. Was OLGA a creative imitation of EMI? Is all of the legal action driven by greed, selfishness, and fear? An idea has to start somewhere but it takes a team to help an idea flourish and develop. I understand the author and artist fury with the murkiness of blurred laws and imitation rights but everyone can benefit from weaker intellectual property protection. The goal and purpose of these laws should be to learn from each other not sue X because they are using my special code to help youth upload games and interact with each other.

From reading this article, I was also able to understand the true benefit of free and open source software. Everyone can access the software, add to the software, and enjoy the use of the software stress-free. Open Source software offers numerous benefits to the community of World Wide Web users. They can become proud inventors by taking a existing program and developing the program further. So I went on a quest to find the definition of Open Source software. I desired to know what was permissible and what was unlawful with the use of the software. So here goes:

The information below was found on www.opensource.org. It details the rules and regulations of the software.

"Open source is a development method for software that harnesses the power of distributed peer review and transparency of process. The promise of open source is better quality, higher reliability, more flexibility, lower cost, and an end to predatory vendor lock-in." (Quote from www.opensource.org)

Introduction

Open source doesn't just mean access to the source code. The distribution terms of open-source software must comply with the following criteria:

1. Free Redistribution

The license shall not restrict any party from selling or giving away the software as a component of an aggregate software distribution containing programs from several different sources. The license shall not require a royalty or other fee for such sale.

Rationale: By constraining the license to require free redistribution, we eliminate the temptation to throw away many long-term gains in order to make a few short-term sales dollars. If we didn't do this, there would be lots of pressure for cooperators to defect.

2. Source Code

The program must include source code, and must allow distribution in source code as well as compiled form. Where some form of a product is not distributed with source code, there must be a well-publicized means of obtaining the source code for no more than a reasonable reproduction cost preferably, downloading via the Internet without charge. The source code must be the preferred form in which a programmer would modify the program. Deliberately obfuscated source code is not allowed. Intermediate forms such as the output of a preprocessor or translator are not allowed.

Rationale: We require access to un-obfuscated source code because you can't evolve programs without modifying them. Since our purpose is to make evolution easy, we require that modification be made easy.

3. Derived Works

The license must allow modifications and derived works, and must allow them to be distributed under the same terms as the license of the original software.

Rationale: The mere ability to read source isn't enough to support independent peer review and rapid evolutionary selection. For rapid evolution to happen, people need to be able to experiment with and redistribute modifications.

4. Integrity of The Author's Source Code

The license may restrict source-code from being distributed in modified form only if the license allows the distribution of "patch files" with the source code for the purpose of modifying the program at build time. The license must explicitly permit distribution of software built from modified source code. The license may require derived works to carry a different name or version number from the original software.

Rationale: Encouraging lots of improvement is a good thing, but users have a right to know who is responsible for the software they are using. Authors and maintainers have reciprocal right to know what they're being asked to support and protect their reputations.

Accordingly, an open-source license must guarantee that source be readily available, but may require that it be distributed as pristine base sources plus patches. In this way, "unofficial" changes can be made available but readily distinguished from the base source.

5. No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups

The license must not discriminate against any person or group of persons.

Rationale: In order to get the maximum benefit from the process, the maximum diversity of persons and groups should be equally eligible to contribute to open sources. Therefore we forbid any open-source license from locking anybody out of the process.

Some countries, including the United States, have export restrictions for certain types of software. An OSD-conformant license may warn licensees of applicable restrictions and remind them that they are obliged to obey the law; however, it may not incorporate such restrictions itself.

6. No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor

The license must not restrict anyone from making use of the program in a specific field of endeavor. For example, it may not restrict the program from being used in a business, or from being used for genetic research.

Rationale: The major intention of this clause is to prohibit license traps that prevent open source from being used commercially. We want commercial users to join our community, not feel excluded from it.

7. Distribution of License

The rights attached to the program must apply to all to whom the program is redistributed without the need for execution of an additional license by those parties.

Rationale: This clause is intended to forbid closing up software by indirect means such as requiring a non-disclosure agreement.

8. License Must Not Be Specific to a Product

The rights attached to the program must not depend on the program's being part of a particular software distribution. If the program is extracted from that distribution and used or distributed within the terms of the program's license, all parties to whom the program is redistributed should have the same rights as those that are granted in conjunction with the original software distribution.

Rationale: This clause forecloses yet another class of license traps.

9. License Must Not Restrict Other Software

The license must not place restrictions on other software that is distributed along with the licensed software. For example, the license must not insist that all other programs distributed on the same medium must be open-source software.

Rationale: Distributors of open-source software have the right to make their own choices about their own software.

Yes, the GPL is conformant with this requirement. Software linked with GPLed libraries only inherits the GPL if it forms a single work, not any software with which they are merely distributed.

10. License Must Be Technology-Neutral

No provision of the license may be predicated on any individual technology or style of interface.

Rationale: This provision is aimed specifically at licenses which require an explicit gesture of assent in order to establish a contract between licensor and licensee. Provisions mandating so-called "click-wrap" may conflict with important methods of software distribution such as FTP download, CD-ROM anthologies, and web mirroring; such provisions may also hinder code re-use. Conformant licenses must allow for the possibility that (a) redistribution of the software will take place over non-Web channels that do not support click-wrapping of the download, and that (b) the covered code (or re-used portions of covered code) may run in a non-GUI environment that cannot support popup dialogues.

Create a Museum...Be an architect for a day!

"Always design a thing by considering it in its next larger context-a chair in a room, a room in a house, a house in an environment, an environment in a city plan."
Leonard Baskin




Frederick R. Weisman Art Museum located on the campus of University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, MN.

"Architecture is inhabited sculpture."

Constantin Brancusi


"Light, God's eldest daughter, is a principal beauty in a building."
Thomas Fuller

The New Museum located in Manhattan, NY.

The Lentos Art Museum Linz located in Austria.




Guggenheim Museum located in Bilbao, Spain.

Tool: Website

Content: Using a website to encourage high school students to take a closer look at the world around them.

As busy people we sometimes miss the beauty that exists alongside the sidewalks on the way to work or to school. I will provide an interactive website that explores the architecture of a few world-famous landmarks such as the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain and various art museums. Students will build a stronger knowledge of world history, and the 'art' in architecture. Students will also be encouraged to observe how buildings define the space around them. I plan to provide questions for each landmark to inspire the students to look closer and consider the materials used to create the exterior of the museum and how the museum functions in the environment. Example of questions: Is there a correlation between the architecture of the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao Spain and the Cubism period? Is the New Museum in Manhattan, NY inspired by German Expressionism? What inspired the creation of the Lentos Art Museum Linz in Austria? There will be quick links for the students to click on and access the information. The links will encourage the students to do research via the web and to broaden their use of the internet.

The interactive component will include puzzles of the buildings, crossword puzzles and a fill in the blank for review. The website will also be used to develop art vocabulary ( color, balance, composition, value, texture, perspective, light, environment, physics, mathematics, scale, exterior, interior, design, and architecture.) I am really excited about the puzzles of the buildings because that leads me to think of a visual fill in the blank.

The students will have an opportunity to become architects and create their own museum via the website. I am currently searching for an Open Source software so that the students can build a 3d museum online, focusing on the exterior only. The software would ideally be introduced in the classroom and available on the website for participation outside of the classroom. If I do not find the software, I will develop a 3d project for the students to create a museum with tangible materials.

I believe it is important for the students to share their ideas and finished projects online. After the students finish their virtual 3d museum creations I will upload the photos to the website. There will be a student gallery tab, interactive tab, information tab, blog tab and home tab. Another characteristic of the website is accommodation to low vision students. The website would offer high contrast, enlarged print, and various color options.

Purpose: To impact the lesson in the classroom and help the students further their understanding of the lesson. The website will serve as a source of extra credit for the students. The students will be highly encouraged to participate. If the students interact with the website by building a 3d model of a museum (virtually or by using traditional materials) and/or completing the crossword puzzle they are eligible to receive extra credit for the quarter.

Audience: Middle to High School Students.

Google...Inquiry.

Although, I finished reading the article and understood the majority of the text I had one question or maybe two. But the question that looped through my brain continuously was(drumroll)...What does that mean? Words and phrases like: hypertext, hypermedia, computer hobbyist, CCXlceptUal framework, HTML, HTTP, Usenet, Trojan Room Coffee Pot, JenniCam and ARPANET.

I began to Google everything. I was on a quest to find out more information to deepen my understanding of the article (The Internet and the World Wide Web by Jeremy G. Butler). Ok here goes...


Hypertext- A database system that enables text, music, pictures, programs and so on to be linked to each other. Hypertext is useful for organizing and browsing large databases that consist of various types of information.

Hypermedia- A database system that broadens the idea of hypertext. Hypermedia enables any set of multimedia objects to be linked together such as sound, motion video and virtual reality.

Computer Hobbyist- A person who is fascinated with computer technology. A computer hobbyist's entire life revolves around computers. Computer hobbyist are not just consumers but builders also. They build machines just for the sake of building and not for profit. They attend computer shows with the hope to admire new parts and not to be pressured into buying.

An anonymous computer hobbyist on PC Mag.com stated, "Perhaps the hobbyist is not gone, but merely changed...Many of us are still hobbyists, but the hobby is different. We build stuff to DO stuff, whereas before we built it to build it. I still go to computer shows and buy parts, as do some of my friends. We still take pleasure in just building machines. Of course, the shows are a great place to see just how much things have changed...the people attending the shows are different, perhaps more 'consumer' than 'hobbyist', and the vendors are completely alien to what we had in the 80's (where the typical vendor was someone just as fascinated with the technology as yourself, who would talk with you for hours if you let them, rather than someone looking for a quick buck and offering no service). It really has shifted from a 'system' perspective to a 'use' perspective. 'They joy of figuring things out' has been supplanted by the need to have access and the need to have a 'better rig' than everyone else. In part, perhaps, the PC hobby has been destroyed by the MicroSoft mentality...their obscene business tactics have not only tainted other areas of business in America, it has generated a similar 'must conquer all others' mentality in users as well. Most people conform to the MS way of doing things, and desire the 'standard' system: Windows and Word. And the hobbyist types have also fallen into that W&W approach to PC's, except the ones I mentioned above."

CCXlceptUal framework- Unfortunately, I could not find anything on CCXL framework.

HTML- HTML is the acronym for Hypertext Markup Language. HTML is a computer language that enables website creation through a series of short codes.

HTTP- HTTP is the acronym for Hypertext Transfer Protocol. As soon as you access a website, you are indirectly using HTTP. It is a set of rules for transferring files such as text, sound, video, and other multimedia files on the World Wide Web.

Usenet- Usenet is a worldwide system of discussion groups in which millions can participate for free.

Trojan Room Coffee Pot- It was a project that used a camera to capture a coffee pot every few seconds at various resolutions. This project is known as the beginning of the webcam.

JenniCam- Jennifer Kaye Ringley used a webcam to make her life completely accessible to the World Wide Web. Jennifer did not filter any footage. The site was popular from April 1996 to late 2003. Jennifer is known as a conceptual artist.

ARPANET- ARPANET is an acronym for Advanced Research Projects Agency Net. ARPANET is the forerunner to the Internet and originally funded by the Defense Department. It was an experimental network developed by the US Department of Defense in the late 1960s. It was used to create a communications link that would allow ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) scientists and research contractors to share their resources and ideas. The network was created to survive breakdown in case of a nuclear attack.

The Bright Screen...The Internet and Beyond

Commercial after commercial after commercial. Normally, when the commercials come on I buzz around the house searching for something to do. But a few days ago, the avoidable commercials peeped through my screen and fell into my lap. I was sitting in a room with a small crowd of people. I was watching a show about a wolf man and his girlfriend. The couple studies wolves for research. They both eat, howl, and maneuver like wolves. But anyway, every 20 to 30 minutes a commercial would glide across the television screen. I realized that every single commercial is an advertisement for medication, toys, mouthwash, etc. The commercial nearly forces an onlooker to purchase Colgate whitening toothpaste or to buy FiberOne cereal. I pitied the young man or young woman, who is persuaded by these ads. Christmas season must be agonizing for a parent. "I want this, I want that." I can hear the voice of an innocent, and unaware child at this very moment. I can recall that voice so clearly because I was once that child. Deep down inside I wanted everything, asking for 80 percent of my wishes only hoping for 20 percent. I was reading the article assigned to the class, and I came across a section that struck me. I can not control the commercials that flood my television screen. The standard remote is useful for switching channels but useless for zooming by commercials. The world wide web offers something new and refreshing: CONTROL. When I go on the internet I pick and choose what I want to read, watch, play, etc. I am not bombarded by annoying advertisements that try to tell me how to think, what to wear, what toothpaste to use, or what is the best medication to take for heartburn. I simply search Google, type in my inquiry, and results appear within seconds. I am free. Just a quick question regarding video media. Why do Internet users still have trouble watching videos over the web?

Paint Histogram Open Tools Options Shop- The World of Photoshop for Educators

Quick facts about the creation of Adobe Photoshop:

o In the fall of 1987 Thomas Knoll was trying to write a computer code to display grayscale images on a black-white bitmap monitor for his doctoral in computer vision. A bitmap is an image composed with pixels. Once an image is scanned it is converted into a series of discrete units called pixels or picture elements. A gray scale image is a image filled with shades of grey. Less information needs to be provided for each pixel. Click here for more info.

o In 1988, the computer code developed was called Display and is now known as Photoshop.

o Thomas Knoll and John Knoll worked to expand Photoshop's capabilities. Thomas developed features such as Levels for adjusting tonality, Color Balance, Hue, and Saturation for adjusting color, and painting capabilities. Thomas also developed the component for Photoshop to read and write other file formats. John developed image processing routines, which are filter plug-ins. Plug-ins are used to enhance photos. Examples of plug-ins: anti-aliasing, contrast, exposure, and transparency. Power Retouche offers free plug-in tutorials.

o In February of 1990, the first version of Photoshop was complete and available to use.

(For more information on the foundation of Photoshop, visit PhotoshopNews.com.)

Should art teachers use digital and multimedia software in the classroom?

o "I think that any 21st century art teacher will want to know how to use Photoshop to help prepare their students for art based career options." (Art and Technology Educator at Shangai American School in Philadelphia)

o "The art teachers should, in addition to what the other teacher know how to use, should be comfortable using and teaching use of the various graphic and multimedia authoring software. This generation of art teachers will be the ones to supply the artists who bring the next generation of games, multimedia, graphics, and audio files. Art teachers should also help prepare the designers and architects of the future and should be comfortable using the software that such folks use." (Anne Pemberton, retired teacher, member of Classroom 2.0)

Benefits of using Adobe Photoshop in the classroom:

o "Drawing and painting software, digital still and video cameras, electronic portfolios, scanners, colour laser printers, samplers and sound mixers, image manipulation, video editing, 3D animation, Internet and web page construction can all play a role in supporting students’ artistic expression (Ashford, 2002; Brown, 2002; Neylon, 1996;
Taylor, 1999)."

o "Furthermore, as a medium for exploring solutions to design problems students are able to record and save ideas quickly, manipulate line and color, modify and incorporate images and employ motion (Hubbard & Greh, 1991)."

o "Allow students who might not possess skills with traditional media to focus more on the message and less on execution of art works, thus enhancing self expression (Long, 2001; Wang, 2002; Wood, 2004)."

o "Mistakes can be easily corrected, resulting in decreased anxiety and promotion of experimentation, which lies at the heart of creativity (Freedman, 1991; Grenfell, no date; Hicks, 1993; Wood, 2004)"

o "While new technologies do not, of course, replace traditional art processes they do extend the possibilities of art expression, communication and perception (Wang, 2002; Wood, 2004)."

o "Furthermore, as the use of digital media has expanded, new career opportunities have opened up for visual artists. Students with knowledge, skills and proficiency in digital art and design are well situated to obtain employment in commercial visual arts contexts, such as advertising, film, animation and other computer graphic industries (Matthews, 1997; Taylor, 1999)."

o "Technology provides exciting opportunities for enriching and transforming visual arts teaching, providing teachers and students alike with new tools to access, organize and present information and to enrich lessons through multimedia (Bridwell & McCoy, 1991; Garnons-Williams, 2002; Schwartz, 1991; Wood, 2004)."

Work Cited: ICT in the secondary visual arts classroom: A study of teachers values, attitudes and beliefs.


Are you tired of the clone stamp tool? Use tutorials to learn Adobe Photoshop:

For Awesome Tutorials go to Spoonfed Photoshop Tutorials. Below are a few exciting tutorials that I found on the website.

40 Cool Beauty Amplifying Photo Effects
(Thicker eyelashes, whiten teeth, shine hair, change hair color smooth skin...)

Create Cool Watercolor Effects in Photoshop

Create a Citrus Fruit Design From Scratch in Photoshop

Transform a Person into an Alien

The Making of Mystic

How to Create a Delicious Green Apple Illustration

How to Digitally Paint an Abstract Face Portrait

Create a Powerful Mental Wave Explosion Effect

You and/or your students can write a tutorial and submit it to Spoonfed Photoshop Tutorials. If accepted, the reward is $150.00. Rules and Restrictions do apply. Read Carefully. Click here for more info or to Submit a Tutorial to Spoonfed Photoshop Tutorials.


Exciting Projects for Your Students:

Adobe Digital Kids Club offers lessons and activities in digital media for a variety of ages.

Tons of Free Stuff for Photoshop:

Photoshop Freebies
(Free icons, textures, templates, plug-ins, stock photos, filters, and much more...I highly recommend this site.)

Health and Beauty Photoshop Brush Set
(Free brush set)

Smashing Magazine Freebies
(Free icons, smashing photoshop brushes, themes, etc.)

Free Photoshop- Adobe plug-ins & Photoshop filters
(Free Brushes, textures, plug-ins, patterns, and much more)

Purchase Adobe Photoshop at a reasonable price:
(Discounts for educators and students.)

Campus Tech.com

Gradware.com

Academic Superstore.com

Savings.com

Adobe.com

Cool artwork found online:

(Descriptions and links to official websites

are underneath the actual artwork. The descriptions

about the work were paraphrased by me unless quoted.)

This piece is titled "Swapping Skin" created by Christopher Carlos.

This piece is titled, "Special Effects" created by Christopher Carlos.

This piece is titled "Dream Scene Montage" created by Christopher Carlos.

This piece is titled "Morphing Creatures." Christopher Carlos used Photoshop to morph a hippopotamus and a lizard.

This piece is titled "Reaching Out of Bounds" created by Christopher Carlos. The four works above were used for a Adobe Photoshop Projects tutorial taught by Mark Monciardini and Melanie Stimmell. Christopher Carlos is a graphic designer. He created the four works to advance in his skill and to build his knowledge of Photoshop.

The piece is titled "Bjork Alarm Call." To accomplish this piece the artist used CorelDraw and Photoshop. On the artist's website there are directions on how to scan in drawings, how to transfer files from one software to another and how to color the image. The only downside is that the artist does not offer technical details to his instruction. For instance, when the artist is describing how to re-adjust the color in a image during the transfer of an image to a different software, the artist does not tell the audience the tool to use. Click here for instructions by Matthew James Taylor.

This piece is titled "Kristine as Bachelorette." The piece began as a black and white photo. Matthew James Taylor colored the piece in Photoshop.

This piece is titled "Bjork Debutterfly." Quote from the artist, Matthew James Taylor: "It's a bit of a cop-out because it's just a photo that I've manipulated. It doesn't take much skill to edit photos. I prefer to draw everything by hand."

This piece is titled "Angry Man." On his website, Matthew James Taylor states that he created the piece while angry. It is a graphite pencil drawing colored in Adobe Photoshop.

(The four works above were created by Matthew James Taylor.)

(Jack created the two Photoshop works above. Most of his work is centered around his son and family pet. I think his work is humorous.)

Open Source for Educators

Here a few of the Open Source links that I clicked on:

Edubuntu http://www.edubuntu.org/:

Edubuntu is derived from the African word Ubuntu. Ubuntu means humanity to others. The most amazing feature of this company is that everything is available free of charge. I think a pro for this software is the users capability to mold the software to fit whomever wishes to use it. This is definitely a pro for educators. As an educator, one will teach students off all different backgrounds and learning abilities. There is usually two versions of the software available: one that is a concrete version and the other a work in progress. Edubuntu alerts consumers of updates and releases. A new version is released every six months. Predictability can work in an educator's favor. The program seems diverse, applicable and accessible. I have not found any cons just yet. I am currently still looking. The software is very teacher friendly and encourages revisions. I guess the only con would be a lack computers in the classroom.

Okay, after a few more clicks I have found some cons. If you request to order by CD it will take ten weeks. If the computer is not able to download large images, you would have to buy a CD or DVD through Amazon.com. The price is $12.99. The cost may pose a problem if you have to purchase more than one for multiple computers. When I attempted to download the software, I encountered a small problem. I was asked to choose a location near me but none of the options were familiar. As an educator, I would have to do a little more work than expected.


OpenCourseWare Consortium http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/web/about/about/index.htm :

Although this site was a little confusing, I searched and found some really cool features. The software is open to the world but the institution must join. There is a list of requirements to join as a member. From what I read the site makes coursework, readings and etc. open to members. The students do not have to buy textbooks. The site offers free course material. OCW makes education accessible to all. There is a link to read about students in countries like Zambia. The student was thankful. He said before OCW was introduced to the college, it was hard to get an internet connection. Now, it is easy for professors to access educational resources without long waits. Students who do not have excellent resources or internet access benefit from this site the most. A student shared that he did not really understand a topic presented in class. He was in the library and found a CD about OCW but the library would not give him a copy. He copied the web address and accessed the site from home. The student was able to find review questions and a course outline. This site is amazing. The pro for this site is that education is available to a diverse population worldwide. The con is that the site seems to be catered towards a certain field. Another pro is that the site has course work on over 20 majors. The con is that the information is outdated. Some of the information was published in 2003. For example, there is a course titled Brain Laboratory. It was published in Spring 2002. I am quite sure the neurological field has advanced since 2002. I hope that some of the information the students are accessing is still useful. For instance, the readings that are assigned to some of the courses may be outdated. Another con is the sites audience is limited to college students and educators.

Environmental Artist...a quick look at Yann Arthus-Bertrand.

A moment of reflection: I have to admit the digital world is kind of scary. Your work can be deleted and erased so quickly. With a drawing or painting, an artist has to rework the surface, with Photoshop an artist can create a new layer. Ha Ha! I am seriously laughing out loud. What happened to sweating by the brow to create a masterpiece? How does an educator teach a tool they are not comfortable with using themselves????

While taking a break from pondering the usefulness of digital software, I found Earth From The Air http://www.wecommunic8.com/EarthFromTheAir/Info/Poetry/default.aspx. The work featured on the website was captured by Yann Arthus-Bertrand. Each landscape featured on this blog and on the official website was created by Yann Arthus-Bertrand. For ten years the artist carefully researched the landscapes. The artist researched 76 countries and managed to clock 3,000 flying hours by helicopter. I enjoyed this website because it has a link for educators (http://www.wecommunic8.com/EarthFromTheAir/Info/Education.asp). The site provides downloadable teaching cards for the classroom. Each card features a photograph of the Earth and a fact. For example, the photo below may be accompanied by this fact: "Over half of world coral reefs are endangered."



It is worth checking out if you get a chance. The site also offers important facts about the earth and helpful tips if you are trying to go organic. : )